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<text>
<title>
(Before TIME) The League:Four Years Old
</title>
<history>TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1920s Highlights</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
THE LEAGUE
Jan. 21, 1924
</hdr>
<body>
<p>
Four Years Old
</p>
<p> The League of Nations celebrated its fourth birthday. On
Jan. 10, 1920, the foundation of the League was laid; for on that
date the Covenant of the League, which was included in all the
main peace treaties with the enemy States, came into force
concurrently with the Treaty of Versailles. During the following
eleven months the super-structure of the League was built and in
December, 1920, the first Assembly of the League of Nations met
in Geneva, the permanent headquarters of the organizations.
</p>
<p> A rough outline of the League's membership, successes,
failures, tells its own story:
</p>
<p> Membership. 1920, when the League formally came into being:
Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, Guatemala, India, Italy,
Japan, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Poland, Siam,
South Africa, Spain, Uruguay; Feb. 10, 1920: the Serb-Croat-
Slovene State (Yugo-slavia); Feb. 16, Colombia; March 3,
Venezuela; March 5, Norway; March 8, Cuba, Denmark, Switzerland;
March 9, Holland, Sweden; March 10, San Salvador; March 30,
Greece; April 8, Portugal; June 30, Haiti, Liberia; July 16,
China; Sept. 10, Rumania; Nov. 3, Honduras, Nicaragua; Dec. 16,
Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Finland, Luxembourg;
Sept. 22, 1921, Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania; Sept. 18, 1922,
Hungary; Sept. 1923, Abyssinia, Irish Free State. Total: 54
nations.
</p>
<p> Non-members. The principal countries are: Afghanistan, the
new Arabian States, Ecuador, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, Russia,
Turkey, United States of America.
</p>
<p> Successes. Settlement of the Swedish-Finnish dispute over
the Aaland Island; settlement of the Germano-Polish dispute over
the delimitation of Upper Silesia; settlement of the Yugo-
Slavian-Albanian fracas, which threatened to bring on a new
Balkan War; financial administration of Austria, which has gone a
long way toward putting that country on its feet. Many legal
matters have been settled by the League and many are under
consideration. Special Commissions have been formed to deal with
international questions of health, drug traffic, economics,
finance, communications, armaments, White Slave traffic, labor,
customs, relief of refugees, etc. The activities of the League in
this direction have been as innumerable as they have been
beneficent. Moreover, more than 500 treaties have been filed with
the League. The significance of this is that it tends to
extirpate the evils of secret diplomacy by destroying its means.
</p>
<p> Doubtful Successes. Under this heading come a number of
cases where League settlement was unsatisfactory, but opposed by
the fact that threatened war was undoubtedly avoided by League
action: Vilna dispute between Lithuania and Poland, not yet
definitely settled; Corfu incident between Italy and Greece,
settled by Council of Ambassadors and World Court after
recommendations were made by the League.
</p>
<p> Failures. There have been no absolute failures. Cases, such
as a dispute between Hungary and Rumania, were brought before the
League by one party but were not agreed to by the other
(Rumania). This is only an indirect failure which was caused not
by any action of the League but by the recalcitrant party or by
the Covenant, depending upon the point of view. There are,
however, other matters under the care of the League, upon which
the League has taken action, such as mandates, etc., the worth of
which can be decided only after a period of time has elapsed.
</p>
<p> World Court. The Permanent Court of International Justice
(World Court) may be said to have been born in 1923, although the
idea was projected as early as 1920. On the juridicial side, the
Court is utterly divorced from the League; on the administrative
side, it is largely a department of the League.
</p>
<p> Settlements. Kiel Canal case. Allies vs. Germany--Allies
won; Upper Silesian case, Germany vs. Poland--opinion asked by
League, Court decision favored Germany; Teschen dispute, Czecho-
Slovakia vs. Poland--advisory opinion asked by League, decision
favorable to Czecho-Slovakia. The International Commission of
Jurists of the World Court drew up rules to govern warfare.
</p>
<p> Failure. Eastern Karelian case, Finland vs. Russia. Russia
refused to recognize the Court; the Court declared its
incompetence to deal with the case.
</p></body>
</article>
</text>